The pronunciation of the word in English is not settled as it may be stressed on either the first or the second syllable. Oxford Dictionaries placed antifa on its shortlist for word of the year in 2017 and stated the word "emerged from relative obscurity to become an established part of the English lexicon over the course of 2017."
The German word Antifa itself first appeared in 1930 and the long form antifaschistisch was borrowed from the original Italian anti-Fascisti ("anti-fascists"). The English word antifa is a loanword from the German Antifa, where it is a shortened form of the word antifaschistisch ("anti-fascist") and a nickname of Antifaschistische Aktion (1932–1933), a short-lived group which inspired the wider antifa movement in Germany. Several analyses, reports, and studies have concluded that antifa is not a major domestic terrorism risk. Academics, legal experts, and others have argued such an action would exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the First Amendment. There were repeated calls by Donald Trump and William Barr to designate antifa as a terrorist organization despite the fact that it is not an organization. Some have been done via hoaxes on social media, many of them false flag operations originating from alt-right and 4chan users posing as antifa backers on Twitter some hoaxes have been picked up and portrayed as fact by right-leaning media and politicians. There have been numerous efforts to discredit antifa by various right-wing groups and individuals. Scholars tend to reject the equivalence between antifa and right-wing extremism.
Some scholars claim that antifa is a legitimate response to the rise of the far-right. Many right-wing politicians and groups have characterized antifa as a domestic terrorist organization or use antifa as a catch-all term for any left-leaning or liberal protest actions. Both Democratic and Republican politicians have condemned violence from antifa. Some on the political left and some civil rights organizations criticize antifa's willingness to adopt violent tactics, which they describe as counterproductive and dangerous, arguing that these tactics embolden the political right and their allies. Antifa activists' actions have since received support and criticism from various organizations and pundits. The American antifa movement grew after Donald Trump was elected president of the United States in 2016. Dartmouth College historian Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook, credits Anti-Racist Action (ARA) as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States. The name antifa and the logo with two flags representing anarchism and communism are derived from the German antifa movement. A majority of individuals involved are anarchists, communists, and socialists who describe themselves as revolutionaries, and have little allegiance to liberal democracy, although some social democrats also participate in the antifa movement. Individuals involved in the movement subscribe to a range of left-wing ideologies, and tend to hold anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-state views. Some who identify as antifa also combat far-right extremists (such as neo-Nazis and white supremacists) and, at times, law enforcement, with tactics including digital activism, doxing, harassment, physical violence, and property damage. Most antifa political activism is nonviolent, involving poster and flyer campaigns, mutual aid, speeches, protest marches, and community organizing. It consists of a highly decentralized array of autonomous groups that use both nonviolent direct action and violence to achieve their aims.
Liberation Front of the Slovenian PeopleĪntifa ( / æ n ˈ t iː f ə, ˈ æ n t i( ˌ) f ə/) is a left-wing anti-fascist and anti-racist political movement in the United States.Polish resistance movement in World War II ( Polish Underground State)Īssembly for the National Liberation of Serbia.Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan.Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance.Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
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